
Cupping, Crowning and Buckling
Cupping is board edges higher than centers, from moisture underneath. Crowning is the reverse, and often follows sanding a cupped floor before it dried. Buckling is a floor lifted clear of the subfloor under compression. All three are moisture events, so we find and fix the source and let the floor stabilize before any sanding, rather than flattening a symptom that will come back.
Gaps That Open and Close With the Season
A wood floor shrinks in the dry months and closes back up in the humid ones, and some seasonal gapping between boards is normal rather than a defect. What is not normal is a gap that never closes, a gap wide enough to catch a coin, or gapping concentrated in one area. We measure with a moisture meter across the room and compare readings before recommending any filling or board work.
Squeaks and Creaks, Upstairs and Down
A squeak is movement, and the movement is almost always between the flooring and the subfloor or between the subfloor and the joist. Over a crawl space we can often fix it from below with shims and screws and never touch the finished floor. On a second floor the repair is from above, through the flooring, and is planned so the fasteners are concealed rather than left visible.
Hollow-Sounding or Loose Glue-Down Planks
A hollow sound underfoot on a glue-down floor means the board has released from the slab, which is bond line failure. The cause is usually moisture from the slab, an adhesive mismatch, or a slab that was not clean or flat when the floor went down. We map the hollow areas, test the slab, and repair to the extent of the failure rather than gluing one board back and waiting.
Black Edges, Pet Stains and Water Marks
Black staining along board edges is water that reached the wood and stayed, and a dark pet stain is usually urine that has penetrated into the fibers. Light marks sand out. Deep black usually does not, because it has gone through the wear layer, and the honest answer there is board replacement. We test by sanding a small area before quoting a whole-floor refinish.
Dents, Gouges and Missing Boards
Shallow dents in a solid floor often come up during sanding, and a compressed dent will sometimes raise with steam. A gouge that has broken the fibers and a missing board are both replacement work: we source matching material, cut in a board replacement or a dutchman patch, and blend it with the surrounding floor rather than leaving a visible rectangle.
Finish That Is Peeling, Tacky or Will Not Cure
A finish that peels is a bonding problem, usually a contaminated or under-abraded surface, or a waterborne coat applied over an incompatible sealer. A finish that stays tacky is a curing problem, from a coat applied too thick, in the wrong temperature, or over a stain that had not dried. Both usually mean sanding back to bare wood and rebuilding the coating system correctly.
White Spots, Haze and Cloudiness in the Finish
White or cloudy patches are typically moisture trapped in or under the finish, from wet mopping, a rug laid over a floor that had not cured, or a spill left standing. Sometimes it releases as the floor dries; often it does not, and the area needs abrading and recoating. We identify the moisture source first, because recoating over an ongoing leak buys a few weeks.
Floors That Sag Over a Crawl Space
In the older housing here, framed floors over crawl space can sag from failed piers, a cut or undersized joist, or moisture in the crawl space softening the framing. That is structural work, and it happens before flooring. We inspect from below, document what we find, and coordinate the structural repair first so a new floor is not laid over a subfloor still moving.
A warm spot on a floor over slab, an unexplained water bill, or cupping in one area can all point to a supply line leaking under the concrete. Flooring work stops there until the leak is located and repaired, because the slab has to dry and be retested before anything is fastened or bonded to it. We document the moisture readings for the claim while the floor is open.